Hacienda Yaxcopoil
(YASH-coh-poh-EEL) is a Yucatan plantation dating back to the
17th century. The name Yaxcopoil means "the place of the
green alamo trees" in Mayan and was named after the Mayan
ruins nearby. The Hacienda represents the history of three great
periods in the Yucatan Peninsula: the pre-Columbian period, the
Spanish colonial period, and the boom years of henequen cultivation
during the late 19th and early 20th century.
Hacienda Yaxcopoil was once considered one of the most important
rural estates in the Yucatan due to its size and magnificence.
It covered about 22,000 acres of land at the time of its greatest
splendor, operating first as a cattle ranch and later as a henequen
plantation. Over time, due to continuous political, social and
economic changes, the estate has been reduced to less than 3%
of its original size.
Traveling
south on the highway to Uxmal and the Puuc Route, you will recognize
Yaxcopoil by its characteristic monumental "Moorish double
arch." This typical structure of the colonial period, possibly
the most beautiful one of Yucatan, is an open gate offering a cordial
welcome to visitors. The hacienda is open daily for tours. The grounds
also offer a private guest house, a museum of Mayan artifacts, as
well as a gift shop and snack bar.
A
tour of Yaxcopoil will reveal that it is one of the few haciendas
that has been maintained in its original condition. The spaces and
furnishings that were used during the late 19th century are presented
realistically, giving the visitor the effect of stepping back in
time. Here you will find antiques, machinery and other typical articles
used during the hacienda's period of splendor.
The
main building (casa principal) contains large lounges and drawing
rooms, spacious corridors with high ceilings, and extensive gardens
with varieties of colors and exuberant vegetation that create a
unique and incomparable atmosphere. The original European furniture
hints at the wealth and tastes of a bygone era.
The
reception room is presided over by two oil paintings showing Don
Donaciano Garcia Rejon and his wife Doña Monica Galera, who
acquired the hacienda in 1864. Since then the estate has been passed
down through the generations to its present owner, a descendant
of Don Donaciano and Doña Monica. The office contains books,
maps, documents, and other collections that form part of the archives
of Yaxcopoil's administration over the years.
The
hacienda's chapel holds an oil painting from the colonial period
with the image of its patron saint, San Geronimo de Yaxcopoil, who
is still venerated in the pueblo near the hacienda. The dining room
and kitchen portray the genteel manner of domestic and country life.
In
the orchard area, the water tanks, dressing rooms and the well with
their US-American made motor and pump of the early twentieth century,
still in use today, are supplying water for the daily demand.
One
of the halls of Yaxcopoil is called the "Maya Room." It
has been converted into a museum for display of numerous pieces
of ancient pottery and other archaeological relics of the "classic
period" (A.D. 250-900) found in the Mayan ruins of Yaxcopoil.
These ruins are located near the Hacienda within the montes (forest
and scrub land). The ruins consist of numerous unexcavated pyramids
with heights that vary from six to twenty meters, a court for ceremonial
ball games, and stelae, which are scattered in an area of about
eight square kilometers.
Hacienda
Yaxcopoil also has a large machine house, or casa de maquina, where
the henequen shredding machines (planta desfibradora) were used
to render fibers from the henequen plant. In the engine room, which
is maintained in good condition, there is a 100 HP German diesel
motor made by Körting (Hannover) in 1913. The engine was used
until 1984, when the production of henequen fiber in the hacienda
ended, after more than a century in operation.
The
workshop and storehouse are beautifully decorated with neoclassic
columns and four sculptures representing the seasons of the year.
As you exit the front door of the engine room, you can see other
plantation buildings at the far end of the central square (manga):
the school, the hospital, the store, and some houses for the workers.
Yaxcopoil
is undoubtedly the best known and most accessible henequen hacienda
in the Merida area. The classical hacienda architecture of the main
building and the henequen shredding plant have been the scenic background
for various movies and television programs.
A
visit to a hacienda is important in order to understand the rich
history of the Yucatan. While many haciendas have been destroyed
or allowed to fall into ruin, Hacienda Yaxcopoil has been preserved.
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